SEE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR: April 2017; DOI: 10.1002 /9781119179313.wbprim0475. Most non-human hominoids are rare or endangered. Further, there is even some academic disagreement over the definition and use of the term "omnivore." Because dietary classifications are not strict in nature, a frugivore might deliberately eat some animal foods, hence not qualify as "vegetarian" as the term applies in human culture (similar remarks apply to folivores). This reasoning suggests that the "imitation" argument is dubious at best. ...the anomalous nature of an interspecific relationship that includes play with baboons, consumption of baboons, and competition with baboons for at least one kind of prey... FFH then implies (assumes) that the behavior of the chimps of Gombe is in imitation of human behavior. Drawing boundaries between diet categories is non-trivial Other writers (elsewhere, not in FFH) suggest that chimps eat meat in imitation of baboons. Four years later the team published the species' genome, which completes a basic genetic library of the great apes—a branch of primates including people, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. 6-7). Our review of primate diets on a monthly temporal scale suggests that primates do not always consistently include the same kinds of foods in their diets. However, as knowledge of the actual diet of wild primates/anthropoid apes (from field observation studies) increases, the reality that most primates/apes include some animal foods (even if only insects) in their normal, natural diet is becoming better known. Great Apes include humans, bonobos, common chimpanzee, Western and Eastern gorillas, and Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. Of further interest here is the information that termites are known to contain significant quantities of vitamin B-12; see Wakayama et al. This alone suggests that sufficient time has elapsed, in evolutionary terms, for chimps to adapt to such allegedly "imitation" behavior. The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH), also referred to as aquatic ape theory (AAT) is the idea that ancestors of modern humans were more aquatic than those of other great apes.. In the above, the term omnivore has the usual definition; e.g., from Milton [1987, p. 93]: "By definition, an omnivore is any animal that takes food from more than one trophic level. Note that the footnote numbers in the quote above refer only to Hamilton and Busse [1978]. Most mammals are in fact omnivorous...". 166, 168]: SEE REFERENCE LIST Combined with the evolutionary factors outlined, there is strong evidence that shows our ancestral dependence on cooked food over millions of years (even pre-Homo sapiens!) Written By Michael Greger M.D. Tutin and Fernandez [1992] report consumption of insects by lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon: termites (whose remains were contained in 27.4% of gorilla feces) and weaver ants. The front of the ape skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone, and by post-orbital constriction. Insect Consumption by Chimps is Universal. GO TO PART 3 - The Fossil-Record Evidence about Human Diet Note that both insects mentioned are social insects; the consumption of social insects is efficient, as their concentration in nests allows easy harvesting of significant quantities. Diet and Primate Evolution. PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4 PART 5 PART 6 PART 7 PART 8 PART 9 When the human gut is compared with those of extant apes, many similarities and some differences can be detected. Chimp/Baboon Interaction. †Pliobatidae Humans are very similar to anthropoid apes, which is established via a comparative anatomy/physiology table (pp. [17] In 2015, a new genus and species were described, Pliobates cataloniae, which lived 11.6 mya, and appears to predate the split between Hominidae and Hylobatidae. Chimps are "natural" imitators. GO TO PART 7 - Insights about Human Nutrition & Digestion from Comparative Physiology Galdikas and Teleki [1981] report that orangutans at Tanjung Puting Reserve in Indonesia consumed 4% fauna (insects, eggs, meat) by feeding time. The Evidence of Ape/Primate Diets This recent turmoil (of history) illustrates the growing influence on all taxonomy of cladistics, the science of classifying living things strictly according to their lines of descent. Our immune systems recognise this as a foreign molecule and destroy any cells that have it. In all large, omnivorous, nonhuman primates, animal protein is a very small but presumably necessary component of the diet. Fit Food for Humanity does include notes on "Dietary Deviations Among the Primates" (pp. 330-331] comments on: [T]he Gombe chimpanzees removed 8% of the local baboon population in 1968-1969 (Teleki, 1973a) and 8-13% of the local colobus population in 1973-1974 (Busse, 1977). (Technical terms are used extensively in certain sections of this paper, but will be defined as we go along.) (Technical terms are used extensively in certain sections of this paper, but will be defined as we go along.) The current section serves primarily to supplement the above articles, and to address other, newer rationalizations and misinformation promoted by dietary advocates who stubbornly cling to the "apes are vegetarians" myth. GO TO PART 4 - Intelligence, Evolution of the Human Brain, and Diet At the same time, the diet that most cultures eat today is dangerous to our health and the health of our planet. The diet of many of our ancestors certainly included marine resources – where people lived on the shores of lakes or the sea. How is it possible, then, that the primates serving as prey to chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, and possibly also at other sites, have not developed more successful defensive tactics? Let's review some of the claims. Our planet is dying and if we don’t change what we are doing, we are destined for extinction. GO TO PART 2 - Looking at Ape Diets: Myths, Realities, and Rationalizations Any answer other than the proposition that chimpanzees have only recently acquired predatory inclinations, for which there is no supportive evidence at all (Teleki, 1973a), would be welcome." REPLY/COMMENTS: Both lowland and mountain gorillas consume insects, deliberately and indirectly, that is, on the vegetation they consume. This reasoning suggests that the "imitation" argument is dubious at best. GO TO PART 9 - Conclusions: The End, or The Beginning of a New Approach to Your Diet? The response in Fit Food for Humanity to the information that anthropoid apes are not strict vegetarians could be characterized as reliance on outdated information, rationalizations, and hand-waving. REPLY/COMMENTS: The quote from FFH does not specify whether the 2% is by weight or feeding time. SEE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR: This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably Georges Cuvier. †Afropithecidae Insects and other animal foods are nutrient-dense foods: they supply far more calories and nutrients per gram of edible portion than the same weight of most of the plant foods commonly consumed (i.e., fruits other than oily fruits, and leaves). Here are four possible futures for the human race, based on some theories of continuing evolution. Obesity rates and chronic diseases have run rampant. Apes have a particular type of sialic acid on their cells, which is not found in humans. PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4 PART 5 PART 6 PART 7 PART 8 PART 9 The diet consisted of fruit, vegetables, nuts and honey, and all items during the first week were eaten raw. The diet consisted of fruit, vegetables, nuts and honey, and all items during the first week were eaten raw. Almost all the studies in animal language acquisition have been done with "great apes", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. The term hominins is also due to Gray (1824), intended as including the human lineage (see also Hominidae#Terminology, Human taxonomy). [27][28], All the non-human hominoids are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly confirmed that they perform very well on a wide range of cognitive tests—though there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. REPLY/COMMENTS: The reality is that predation on vertebrates by chimpanzees is widespread throughout tropical Africa. Due to the difficulties in estimating weights of foods consumed, the 2% figure is probably by feeding time. GO TO PART 4 - Intelligence, Evolution of the Human Brain, and Diet Chimp/Baboon Interaction. However, as knowledge of the actual diet of wild primates/anthropoid apes (from field observation studies) increases, the reality that most primates/apes include some animal foods (even if only insects) in their normal, natural diet is becoming better known. Other writers (elsewhere, not in FFH) suggest that chimps eat meat in imitation of baboons. This alone suggests that sufficient time has elapsed, in evolutionary terms, for chimps to adapt to such allegedly "imitation" behavior. The Evidence of Ape/Primate Diets [4], "Ape", from Old English apa, is a word of uncertain origin.

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